Scientific & References

Note

Citation: please cite Meso-NH with Lac et al. [2018] (for Meso-NH version >= 5.4)

Acknowledgments: since 2025, Meso-NH has been part of the CLIMERI-France research infrastructure and you are requested to add the following sentence in the acknowledgments section of your paper:

We acknowledge the French National Research Infrastructure CLIMERI-France (https://climeri-france.fr/) which provides national label for the code Meso-NH.

Scientific

• Meso-NH - Part I : Dynamics

• Meso-NH - Part II : Model Setup

• Meso-NH - Part III : Physics

• Meso-NH - Part IV : Chemistry and Aerosols

• Meso-NH - Part V : Budget and Diagnostics

• SURFEX

References

General references

• version >= 5.4: Overview of the Meso-NH model version 5.4 and its applications [Lac et al., 2018].

• version < 5.4: The Meso-NH Atmospheric Simulation System. Part I: Adiabatic formulation and control simulations [Lafore et al., 1998]

Part I: Dynamics

• Grid-nesting: High-resolution non-hydrostatic simulations of flash-flood episodes with grid-nesting and ice-phase parametrization [Stein et al., 2000]

• Parallelization: Parallelization of the French meteorological mesoscale model Meso-NH [Jabouille et al., 1999]

• Large parallel computing capability: Seamless Meso-NH modeling over very large grids [Pantillon et al., 2010]

Part II: Model Setup

• Surface scheme (SURFEX):

  • General reference:

    • version >= 8.0: SURFEX v8.0 interface with OASIS3-MCT to couple atmosphere with hydrology, ocean, waves and sea-ice models, from coastal to global scales [Voldoire et al., 2017]

    • version < 8.0: The SURFEXv7.2 land and ocean surface platform for coupled or offline simulation of earth surface variables and fluxes [Masson et al., 2013]

  • Water surfaces:

    • Sea surface turbulent fluxes: Report on uncertainty estimates of an optimal bulk formulation for surface turbulent fluxes [Belamari, 2005]

    • 1D TKE oceanic model: A simple eddy kinetic energy model for simulations of the oceanic vertical mixing: Tests at station Papa and long‐term upper ocean study site [Gaspar et al., 1990]

  • Urban and artifical areas: A physically-based scheme for the urban energy budget in atmospheric models [Masson, 2000]

  • Soil and vegetation: A simple parameterization of land surface processes for meteorological models [Noilhan and Planton, 1989]

  • Land use - ECOCLIMAP-II/Europe: A twofold database of ecosystems and surface parameters at 1 km resolution based on satellite information for use in land surface, meteorological and climate models [Faroux et al., 2013]

Part III: Physics

• Radiation:

  • Longwave: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave [Mlawer et al., 1997]

  • Shortwave: Computations of solar heating of the earth’s atmosphere: A new parametrization [B, 1980]

• Turbulence scheme: A turbulence scheme allowing for mesoscale and large-eddy simulations [Cuxart et al., 2000]

• EDKF shallow convection scheme: A parameterization of dry thermals and shallow cumuli for mesoscale numerical weather prediction [Pergaud et al., 2009]

• Convection scheme: A mass flux convection scheme for regional and global models [Bechtold et al., 2001]

• Microphysical schemes for warm clouds:

  • C2R2: A comprehensive two-moment warm microphysical bulk scheme. Part I: Description and selective tests [Cohard and Pinty, 2000]

  • KHKO: Modelisation LES des precipitations dans les nuages de couche limite et parametrisation pour les GCM [Geoffroy, 2007]

• Microphysical schemes for atmospheric ice:

  • ICE3:

    • A mixed-phase cloud parameterization for use in mesoscale non-hydrostatic model: simulations of a squall line and of orographic precipitations [Pinty and Jabouille, 1998]

    • A numerical study of the stratiform region of a fast-moving squall line. Part I. General description, and water and heat budgets [Caniaux et al., 1994]

  • ICE4: Numerical simulations of three MAP IOPs and the associated microphysical processes [Lascaux et al., 2006]

  • LIMA: LIMA (v1.0): a quasi two-moment microphysical scheme driven by a multimodal population of cloud condensation and ice freezing nuclei [Vié et al., 2016]

• Sub-grid condensation schemes:

  • Warm phase:

    • Modeling the trade-wind cumulus boundary layer. Part I: testing the ensemble cloud relations against numerical data [Bougeault, 1981]

    • Cloud-ensemble relations based on the gamma probability distribution for the higher-order models of the planetary boundary layer [Bougeault, 1982]

  • Ice phase and convective clouds:

    • A simple cloud parameterization derived from cloud resolving model data: Diagnostic and prognostic applications [Chaboureau and Bechtold, 2002]

    • Statistical representation of clouds in a regional model and the impact on the diurnal cycle of convection during Tropical Convection, Cirrus and Nitrogen Oxides (TROCCINOX) [Chaboureau and Bechtold, 2005]

• Electrical scheme: CELLS v1.0: updated and parallelized version of an electrical scheme to simulate multiple electrified clouds and flashes over large domains [Barthe et al., 2012]

Part IV: Chemistry and Aerosols

• Basics for the chemistry and aerosols:

  • Chemical scheme RACM: A new mechanism for regional atmospheric chemistry modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D22), 25847-25879. Link to paper [Stockwell et al., 1997]

  • Chemical scheme ReLACS: Development of a reduced chemical scheme for use in mesoscale meteororological models. Atm. Env., 34, 2633–2644. Link to paper [Crassier et al., 2000]

  • Chemical scheme CACM: Secondary organic aerosol, 1, Atmospheric chemical mechanism for production of molecular constituents, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D17), 4332, doi:10.1029/2001JD000541. Link to paper [Griffin et al., 2002]

  • Equilibrium between gases and aerosols for inorganic ARES: The regional particulate model: 1. Model description and preliminary results [Binkowski and Shankar, 1995]

  • Equilibrium between gases and aerosols for inorganic ISORROPIA: A new thermodynamic model for inorganic multicomponent atmospheric aerosols [Nenes et al., 1998]

  • Equilibrium between gases and aerosols for inorganic EQSAM: Gas/aerosols partitioning: 1. A computationally efficient model [Metzger et al., 2002]

  • Equilibrium between gases and aerosols for organic Pun: Secondary organic aerosols 2. Thermodynamic model for gas/particle partitioning of molecular constituents [Pun et al., 2002]

  • Equilibrium between gases and aerosols for organic MPMPO: A coupled hydrophobic-hydrophilic model for predicting secondary organic aerosols formation [Griffin et al., 2003]

• Atmospheric chemistry:

  • Chemistry module: Description of the Mesoscale Nonhydrostatic Chemistry model and application to a transboundary pollution episode between northern France and southern England [Tulet et al., 2003]

  • Dry deposition: Parametrizations of surface resistance to gaseous dry deposition in regional scale, numerical models [Wesely, 1989]

  • Photolysis rates: Photodissociation in the atmosphere: 1. Actinic flux and the effects of ground reflections and clouds [Madronich, 1987]

• Clouds and chemistry:

  • Scavenging by convective precipitations: Transport and scavenging of soluble gases in a deep convective cloud [Mari et al., 2000]

  • Lightning produced NOx: Regional lightning NOx sources during the TROCCINOX experiment [Mari et al., 2006]

  • Cloud chemistry module: A cloud chemistry module for the 3-D cloud resolving mesoscale model Meso-NH with application to idealized cases [Leriche et al., 2013]

• Aerosols:

  • Dust aerosols and sea salt: Dusty weather forecasts using the MesoNH mesoscale atmospheric model [Grini et al., 2006]

  • ORILAM module: ORILAM, A three moment lognormal aerosol scheme for mesoscale atmospheric model. On-line coupling into the Meso-NH-C model and validation on the Escompte campaign [Tulet et al., 2005]

  • ORILAM-SOA module: ORILAM-SOA: A computationally efficient model for predicting secondary organic aerosols in 3D atmospheric models [Tulet et al., 2006]

Part V: Diagnostics

• Kinetic energy spectra: Kinetic energy spectra characteristics of two convection-permitting limited-area models AROME and Meso-NH [Ricard et al., 2013]

• GPS zenith delay: GPS zenith delay sensitivity evaluated from high-resolution numerical weather prediction simulations of the 8-9th September 2002 flash flood over southeastern France [Brenot et al., 2006]

• Radar products:

  • Grid-point radar diagnostics: High-resolution numerical simulations of the convective system observed in the Lago Maggiore area on 17 September 1999 (MAP IOP 2a) [Richard et al., 2003]

  • Radar diagnostics on Plan Position Indicators (PPI): A radar simulator for high-resolution nonhydrostatic models [Caumont et al., 2006]

• Satellite diagnostics: A midlatitude cloud database validated with satellite observation [Chaboureau et al., 2008]

Part VI: Ocean version

• Méso-NH Ocean a coupled ocean–atmosphere version permits the study of turbulent interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean at very fine scales within a single code without external coupler [Redelsperger, 2026]